Causes of Female Infertility

Causes of Female Infertility

The main causes of female infertility are Anovulation and Obstruction in the Genital Tract.

Causes of Anovulation

This is the commonest cause of female infertility, accounting for 40% of all causes of infertility. It is unlikely in women who are menstruating regularly but is not uncommon.

• Age: There is a steady decline in the rate of ovulation after the age of 35 years. The rate of ovulation and successful pregnancy at the age of 40 years is almost half that at the age of 20 years.

• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): PCOS is a condition characterised by irregular periods, obesity, high male hormones and a grossly reduced ovulation rate. Ovulation may be irregular and not occur in every month. In severe cases of PCOS, ovulation may stop altogether. There is also associated hormonal imbalance with a high level of hormones like insulin and androgen in this condition.

• Defects in the Endocrine Glands: Glands like the thyroid and the pituitary glands are active participants in maintaining normal female fertility. Both hypo and hyperthyroidism can cause anovulation. High levels of prolactin secreted by the pituitary is also an indicator of irregular ovulation. A high insulin resistance is frequently associated with PCOD. Pituitary insufficiency, for example, as in Sheehan's Syndrome, can not only cause anovulation but also amenorrhea (loss of periods).

• Endometriosis: Endometriosis is a condition where bits of the endometrium (inner uterine lining) grows in places other than inside the uterus. It can not only cause anovulation but also scarring of the tubes, ovaries and surrounding tissue, causing obstructions in the genital tract.

• Ovarian Infections / Tumours: Both infections and tumors can not only physically block ovulation but can also cause hormonal imbalance leading to anovulation.

• Leutenized Unruptured Follicles (LUF): This is a relatively uncommon cause of female infertility. In this condition, the graaffian follicles develop normally, but fail to rupture - usually because of a lack of stimulus by a low LH level.

• Subclinical Adrenal Cortex Failure: The hormones of the adrenal cortex is closely linked to the reproductive process. So any problem with these hormones - either a low level or a high level - can cause anovulation.

• Sex Chromosome defects: Sex chromosomal defects like XXY, XXXY, XYY etc can cause anovulation.

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Obstruction in the Genital Tract

About one third of all causes of female infertility is due to obsruction in the genital tract. Obstruction can occur anywhere in the genital tract - the tubes, the uterus, the cervix or the vagina. Adhesions or scar tissue in the pelvis around the tubes can also cause obstruction, and prevent the sperm from reaching the ovum to fertilize it. Adhesions inside the uterus can be seen in a condition known as Asherman's syndrome.

1. Tubal Factors: Tubal obstructions may be total or partial and may account for 20% of all causes of female infertility. Endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory diseases, usually as a result of chlamydia infection are common culprits. Some important causes of tubal obstruction are :

• Previous Infections of the Tubes: Infections can occur due to abortions or previous childbirth. Common infecting organisms are S. aureas and S. pyogenes.

  A very common infection is by the chlamydia trachomatis organism which causes no specific symptoms at the time of infection, but the damage it causes to the tubes are discovered only on investigating for infertility.

• Infections of the Other Genital Organs: Infections by N. gonorrhoea, chlamydia trachomatis, syphilis or M. tuberculosis are common causes of infertility in women.

• Congenital Absence of the tubes from birth, usually as a result of sex chromosomal defect.

2. Pelvic Adhesions: Adhesions are scar tissues formed as a result of previous infections and may affect the tubes at different regions. They are a common effect of endometriosis.

• Fimbrial Adhesions: Adhesions near the fimbria of the tube (part of the tube near the ovaries) may pull the tube out of its proper position and prevent 'picking up' of the ovum by the tube. This is a common cause of female infertility identified during investigation.

• Peritubal Adhesions: Strands of adhesions may create a mechanical barrier between the tube and the ovary or may pull the tube away from its normal position near the ovary.

• Buried Ovary: The ovary may be completely or partially buried in dense adhesions preventing ovulation or ovum pickup.

3. Uterine Factors: Certain conditions in the uterus may affect fertilization and implantation of the ovum and contribute to female infertility.

• Absence of the uterus:From birth or by surgery.

• Atrophy: Atrophy of the uterus results in a small size of the uterus, insufficient to support pregnancy, usually a result of surgery on the uterus or radiation.

• Uterine synechia: Synechia are adhesions inside the uterus causing the two walls of the uterus to fuse together, totally or partially, thus obliterating the endometrial cavity. This is commonly seen in infertility due to Asherman's Syndrome.

• Uterine tumours: Certain uterine tumours like fibroids may block the tubal opening, or prevent implantation of the fertilized ovum.

4. Cervical Factors - Cervical factors may affect the upward movement of the sperm and prevent pregnancy.

• Poor Cervical Mucous: The cervical mucous may be thick and impenetrable due to low oestrogenic stimulation. This will act as a barrier or obstruction to the sperm. Acidic mucous or the presence of antisperm antibodies in the mucous can also prevent ascent of the sperm.

• Loss of cervical mucous: due to surgery and amputation of the cervix, or excessive cervical diathermy.

• Faulty direction of the cervix: The cervix normally faces into the posterior vaginal vault where the sperm tends to pool. In some patients, the position of the cervix may be abnormal due to faulty direction of the uterus (retroversion), uterine prolapse or cochleate uterus. This is a very unlikely cause of female infertility .

• Cervical Tumors: Tumors like polyps or cervical fibroids can block the cervical canal.

5. Vaginal Factors:

• Vaginal tumours

• Vaginal septa: Vaginal septa or membranes can cause a mechanical barrier to the sperm.

• Vaginal infection with purulent pus: Infections such as by the trichomonas organism is believed to cause infertility. But this is still under research and has not been proved conclusively.

Also Read-

• Femal Reproductive Anatomy - Uterus, vagina, Clitoris etc..
• Normal Menstruation.
• Vaginal Discharge with Itching .
• Pseudocyesis or False Pregnancy.